Flexible- fuel vehicle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A flexible- fuel vehicle (FFV) or dual- fuel vehicle (colloquially called a flex- fuel vehicle) is an alternative fuel vehicle with an internal combustion engine designed to run on more than one fuel, usually gasoline blended with either ethanol or methanol fuel, and both fuels are stored in the same common tank. Modern flex- fuel engines are capable of burning any proportion of the resulting blend in the combustion chamber as fuel injection and spark timing are adjusted automatically according to the actual blend detected by a fuel composition sensor. Flex- fuel vehicles are distinguished from bi- fuel vehicles, where two fuels are stored in separate tanks and the engine runs on one fuel at a time, for example, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), or hydrogen. The most common commercially available FFV in the world market is the ethanol flexible- fuel vehicle, with about 4. Brazil (2. 9. 5 million by mid 2. United States (1. Canada (more than 6. Europe, led by Sweden (2. The Brazilian flex fuel fleet includes over 4 million flexible- fuel motorcycles produced since 2. March 2. 01. 5.[3] In addition to flex- fuel vehicles running with ethanol, in Europe and the US, mainly in California, there have been successful test programs with methanol flex- fuel vehicles, known as M8. There have been also successful tests using P- series fuels with E8. June 2. 00. 8, this fuel is not yet available to the general public.[1. These successful tests with P- series fuels were conducted on Ford Taurus and Dodge Caravan flexible- fuel vehicles.[1. Though technology exists to allow ethanol FFVs to run on any mixture of gasoline and ethanol, from pure gasoline up to 1. E1. 00),[1. 3][1. North American and European flex- fuel vehicles are optimized to run on E8. This upper limit in the ethanol content is set to reduce ethanol emissions at low temperatures and to avoid cold starting problems during cold weather, at temperatures lower than 1. В°C (5. 2 В°F).[1. The alcohol content is reduced during the winter in regions where temperatures fall below 0 В°C (3. В°F)[1. 6] to a winter blend of E7. U. S.[1. 7][1. 8] or to E7. Sweden[1. 9] from November until March.[2. Brazilian flex fuel vehicles are optimized to run on any mix of E2. Anonymous comments! No account needed. Posted by IsoHunt.to team on Nov. 02. Hey guys! From the name of this post you are probably already got what it’s all about. Tohnichi Model CEM10N3X8D-G Digital Torque Wrench - Industrial grade digitaltorque wrench ideal for performing retightening or loosening tests to confirmtorque on. Packt Publishing provides technology eBooks, books and videos to help IT Developers and Administrators to put software and tools to work in new ways. Car physics engine CarX is middleware for AAA racing games. CarX car physics engine simulates car driving physics like real life. CarX physics engine is best. E2. 5 gasoline and up to 1. E1. 00). The Brazilian flex vehicles are built- in with a small gasoline reservoir for cold starting the engine when temperatures drop below 1. В°C (5. 9 В°F).[2. An improved flex motor generation was launched in 2. Terminology[edit]As ethanol FFVs became commercially available during the late 1. FFVs.[1. 3][2. 6][2. In the United States flex- fuel vehicles are also known as "E8. In Brazil, the FFVs are popularly known as "total flex" or simply "flex" cars. In Europe, FFVs are also known as "flexifuel" vehicles. Automakers, particularly in Brazil and the European market, use badging in their FFV models with the some variant of the word "flex", such as Volvo. Flexifuel, or Volkswagen. Total Flex, or Chevrolet. A flexible-fuel vehicle (FFV) or dual-fuel vehicle (colloquially called a flex-fuel vehicle) is an alternative fuel vehicle with an internal combustion engine.Flex. Power or Renault. Hi- Flex, and Ford sells its Focus model in Europe as Flexifuel and as Flex in Brazil. In the US, only since 2. FFV models feature a yellow gas cap with the label "E8. Gasoline" written on the top of the cap to differentiate E8. Flexible- fuel vehicles (FFVs) are based on dual- fuel systems that supply both fuels into the combustion chamber at the same time in various calibrated proportions. The most common fuels used by FFVs today are unleaded gasoline and ethanol fuel. Ethanol FFVs can run on pure gasoline, pure ethanol (E1. Methanol has also been blended with gasoline in flex- fuel vehicles known as M8. FFVs, but their use has been limited mainly to demonstration projects and small government fleets, particularly in California.[9]Bi- fuel vehicles. The term flexible- fuel vehicles is sometimes used to include other alternative fuel vehicles that can run with compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG; also known as autogas), or hydrogen.[3. On February the 5th, 2013, [7] the company went on to create Torque 2D. Torque 2D was a game engine designed for 2D games based on the Torque Game Engine. However, all these vehicles actually are bi- fuel and not flexible- fuel vehicles, because they have engines that store the other fuel in a separate tank, and the engine runs on one fuel at a time. Bi- fuel vehicles have the capability to switch back and forth from gasoline to the other fuel, manually or automatically.[2. The most common available fuel in the market for bi- fuel cars is natural gas (CNG),[3. Pakistan (2. 0 million), Argentina (1. Brazil (1. 6 million).[3. Natural gas vehicles are a popular choice as taxicabs in the main cities of Argentina and Brazil. Normally, standard gasoline vehicles are retrofitted in specialized shops, which involve installing the gas cylinder in the trunk and the CNG injection system and electronics. Multifuel vehicles are capable of operating with more than two fuels. In 2. 00. 4 GM do Brasil introduced the Chevrolet Astra 2. Multi. Power" engine built on flex fuel technology developed by Bosch of Brazil, and capable of using CNG, ethanol and gasoline (E2. E2. 5 blend) as fuel. This automobile was aimed at the taxicab market and the switch among fuels is done manually.[3. In 2. 00. 6 Fiat introduced the Fiat Siena Tetra fuel, a four- fuel car developed under Magneti Marelli of Fiat Brazil.[4. This automobile can run as a flex- fuel on 1. E1. 00); or on E- 2. E2. 5, Brazil's normal ethanol gasoline blend; [4. Brazil since 1. 99. The Siena Tetrafuel was engineered to switch from any gasoline- ethanol blend to CNG automatically, depending on the power required by road conditions.[4. Another existing option is to retrofit an ethanol flexible- fuel vehicle to add a natural gas tank and the corresponding injection system. This option is popular among taxicab owners in SГЈo Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, allowing users to choose among three fuels (E2. E1. 00 and CNG) according to current market prices at the pump. Vehicles with this adaptation are known in Brazil as "tri- fuel" cars.[4. Flex- fuel hybrid electric and flex- fuel plug- in hybrid are two types of hybrid vehicles built with a combustion engine capable of running on gasoline, E- 8. E- 1. 00 to help drive the wheels in conjunction with the electric engine or to recharge the battery pack that powers the electric engine.[4. In 2. 00. 7 Ford produced 2. Escape Hybrid E8. U. S.[4. 7][4. 8] Also as a demonstration project, Ford delivered in 2. SUV to the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE), a Ford Escape Plug- in Hybrid, which runs on gasoline or E8. GM announced that the Chevrolet Volt plug- in hybrid, launched in the U. S. in late 2. 01. U. S., Brazil or Sweden, as the combustion engine can be adapted to run on E8. E1. 00 or diesel respectively.[5. The Volt was initially expected to be flex- fuel- capable in 2. Lotus Engineering unveiled the Lotus City. Car at the 2. 01. Paris Motor Show. The City. Car is a plug- in hybridconcept car designed for flex- fuel operation on ethanol, or methanol as well as regular gasoline.[5. History[edit]The Ford Model T, produced from 1. Other car manufactures also provided engines for ethanol fuel use.[1. Henry Ford continued to advocate for ethanol as fuel even during the prohibition. However, cheaper oil caused gasoline to prevail, until the 1. This crisis opened a new opportunity for ethanol and other alternative fuels, such as methanol, gaseous fuels such as CNG and LPG, and also hydrogen.[9][1. Ethanol, methanol and natural gas CNG were the three alternative fuels that received more attention for research and development, and government support. Since 1. 97. 5, and as a response to the shock caused by the first oil crisis, the Brazilian government implemented the National Alcohol Program - Pr. Гі- ГЃlcool- (Portuguese: Programa Nacional do ГЃlcool), a nationwide program financed by the government to phase out automotive fuels derived from fossil fuels in favor of ethanol made from sugar cane.[5. It began with a low blend of anhydrous alcohol with regular gasoline in 1. July 2. 00. 7 the mandatory blend is 2. E2. 5.[4. 2] In 1. E1. 00) was launched to the market, the Fiat 1. Fiat, Volkswagen, GM and Ford.[5. The Brazilian government provided three important initial drivers for the ethanol industry: guaranteed purchases by the state- owned oil company Petrobras, low- interest loans for agro- industrial ethanol firms, and fixed gasoline and ethanol prices. After reaching more than 4 million cars and light trucks running on pure ethanol by the late 1. E1. 00- only vehicles sharply declined after increases in sugar prices produced shortages of ethanol fuel. After extensive research that began in the 9. March 2. 00. 3, when the Brazilian subsidiary of Volkswagen launched to the market the first full flexible- fuel car, the Gol 1. Total Flex.[6. 3][6. Several months later was followed by other Brazilian automakers, and by 2. General Motors, Fiat, Ford, Peugeot, Renault, Volkswagen, Honda, Mitsubishi, Toyota, Citro. Г«n, Nissan and Kia Motors were producing popular models of flex cars and light trucks.[6. The adoption of ethanol flex fuel vehicles was so successful, that production of flex cars went from almost 4. This rapid adoption of the flex technology was facilitated by the fuel distribution infrastructure already in place, as around 2. Pr. Гі- ГЃlcool program.[7. In the United States, initial support to develop alternative fuels by the government was also a response to the first oil crisis, and some time later, as a goal to improve air quality. Also, liquid fuels were preferred over gaseous fuels not only because they have a better volumetric energy density but also because they were the most compatible fuels with existing distribution systems and engines, thus avoiding a big departure from the existing technologies and taking advantage of the vehicle and the refueling infrastructure.[9] California led the search of sustainable alternatives with interest focused in methanol. Ford Motor Company and other automakers responded to California's request for vehicles that run on methanol.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
September 2016
Categories |